Although most cameras now have some sort of built-in mechanism for evaluating exposure, a separate hand¬held exposure meter is very useful. Basic photoelectric meters need no batteries and register the amount of light available. Although reliable, they are not as powerful nor as sensitive as the battery powered meters; many of these can be used as flash meters as well as for reading ambient light.
In ambient light mode, they can be used to take incident light readings as well as reflected light readings. An incident light reading is taken when the meter is placed on or near the subject and pointed towards the light source to take a reading. A reflected light reading is taken when the meter is directed at the subject from the camera position. It will take a little practice to be able to evaluate the various benefits of the different types of reading.
Extension Rings or Bellows
These are used in conjunction with SLR cameras and allow close-up photography of detail in stunning clarity. Close-up lenses can be used for the same purpose but extension rings give a far better result.
The rings or bellows are attached to the body of the camera on the lens mounting; the lens is then attached to the front of these. The rings offer a single magnification whereas with the bellows the magnification is variable.
Cameras and lenses are delicate and expensive instruments that need to be treated with care. Water, dust, and grit are the worst enemies, although leaving a camera in bright sunlight or in the glove compartment of a car will not do it any good either, and so any strong heat should be avoided. If the camera is taken to a sandy beach, keep it wrapped in a plastic bag when not in use. Even on the calmest days sand seems to get into every crack; extra care needs to be taken as sand can easily ruin expensive equipment.
When a camera is not in use it should be kept in its case or together with the other pieces of equipment in a proper camera case. If it is not going to be used for some time the batteries should be removed; if left in the camera they may corrode the contacts and cause irreparable damage.